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viagra without a prescription:     I was assigned to U.S. Army Medical Research-Kenya (USAMRU-K), commonly called “The Walter Reed Project”, in the late 1980s.  After a series of other assignments and several attempts to return I now have the good fortune to once again live and work in Kenya.

viagra without a prescription: So, what is Walter Reed actually?

viagra without a prescription:  Walter Reed was an army officer in the Medical Corps and he was a major. He was very instrumental in the early medical research done by the army. He was the scientist that actually scientifically determined that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever. So yellow fever is a devastating disease, similar to malaria here. It’s a devastating disease in the Western Hemisphere, particularly in Latin America, like Cuba and all those nations there. So he devised a scientific protocol to scientifically prove that a certain type of mosquitoes transmitted yellow fever from human to human.

When that was scientifically determined, then the mosquito control commissions went to work and controlled the mosquitoes and actually saved hundreds of thousands of lives just by stopping the mosquitoes from transmitting those diseases between us. Prior to that time, people thought in some areas that malaria was transmitted by air between people or other ways, but now we’ve known through his work that it’s mosquito-borne. So that’s why as an army medical unit, we’ve always been proud of Walter Reed’s achievement so we use that in honour of him.

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viagra without a prescription USAMRU-K is a Special Foreign Activity of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR). In 1969, the WRAIR was invited by the Kenyan Government to perform research on trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in the Lambwe Valley in Western Kenya. Our early work was in collaboration with the Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute.  The success of this effort eventually led to the initiation of a Cooperative Agreement between USAMRU-K and the later established Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) that focused on developing medical products to treat and protect against infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, influenza, leishmaniasis, and Rift Valley Fever, among others.

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viagra without a prescription We are certainly in the United States Embassy and that partnership works closely with the Kenya Defence Forces. They have a major effort that actually operates through the US Embassy that’s the Kenya-US Liaison Office and they run the military collaboration. What we do as part of our project is we have an active programme that we call Military Medical Activities and our primary effort along those lines is to partner with the Kenya Defence forces in general to implement the HIV/AIDS prevention programme and it’s part of our defence programme and it’s a specific function for the Kenya Defence Forces itself. We have a couple of retired Kenyan Army officers that work with us that are part of the Walter Reed Project as their second job. They’ve already retired from the Kenyan Army. Margaret Wathika was a Kenya Army nurse and she’s actually helping with the education and training programme that the Kenyan Defense Forces do.

So when the HIV/AIDS prevention programme is ongoing throughout the forces, we are the partners. We are the funding partners; we are also the administration partners. They work with us and the paramedics to find out what are the funding needs for the upcoming year, are we doing well in certain areas, do we need growth in certain areas or can we do it in another way to make sure we have the best prevention programme and treatment programme for the forces here in Kenya. That’s how we interact. There are a number of military interactions done through the US Embassy and those officers there. We are just really focused on the HIV/AIDS portion and any other thing that we have to be involved in like medical training, they would only call us if they needed extra help, ’cause they have their own people

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viagra without a prescription We try to ensure that our research is focused on the needs of the soldier as well as the host nation that we are working in and many of these things that we work on are meant to improve health needs. So, for instance, a malaria vaccine; It’s going to help millions of people. We have very few soldiers that will probably require that, but there are a certain number that will need that always, but it’s a wonderful way of using our resources for the improvement of health needs. We are here because of a soldier-directed need, but, certainly, the things that we work on affect everyone.

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viagra without a prescription Right. For instance in Kericho. I was in Kericho sometime with the PEPFAR programme, which is an HIV-Prevention Care and Treatment Programme that anyone can access. That’s where we need the help for now, but the hope for the future is the science. They really work well together because if you have a scientific protocol, a study subject, they have the full range of prevention, care and treatment available for them but they can also be part of the study that prevents their children and grandchildren from getting this. So it’s really a great thing for the future that we are doing.

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viagra without a prescription The Walter Reed Project collaborators, both internal and external, include the Kenya Medical Research Institute, the Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, the Kenya Ministry of Medical Services, the Kenya Ministry of Defence, the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, the US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, the US Navy Medical Research Unit Number 3, the US Air Force Institute for Operational Health, the US DoD Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System,  the US National Institutes of Health, the World Health Organization, the US Agency for International Development, the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the US Department of Agriculture, Makerere University (Uganda), University of Buea (Cameroon), University of California, San Diego, the Uniformed Services University IDCRP, Case Western Reserve University, Boston University, Louisiana State University, University of Massachusetts, University of Washington, PATH, Malaria Vaccine Initiative, the Gates Foundation, Glaxo SmithKline, Aeras, Sanofi, and Pfizer.  These collaborative efforts serve to create synergies among the partners that maximize the total effective scientific outcomes to the greater benefit of all.

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viagra without a prescription The United States Government in Kenya works together with all of our agencies from the US Government. So although the PEPFAR programme is primarily the United States Agency for International Development Programme and it was put in place by President Bush and now President Obama has continued to expand it to other health issues, we are participants in executing the PEPFAR programme. So, for instance, we had a big presence in Kericho already, just like we had a big presence in Kisumu, so when the PEPFAR programme really took off for implementation, if it sent the US Army there, we don’t need to re-create it. We’ll just let them do it. Kericho and Kisumu, the US Army is already there, we’ll have them implement the PEPFAR programme and then the other areas, and of course they brought in the staffing to implement the PEPFAR programme on the other side. So it’s a whole government approach of the US Government and we are a very small part of that, so, primarily, the USAID and the Centres for Disease Control implement that throughout most of Kenya, the South Rift Valley, Kericho and Kisumu West, we operate that. And that’s a whole separate line of funding and everything else, but we are a part of it.

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viagra without a prescription The Walter Reed Project in Kenya is composed of twelve US military officers/scientists, two US Department of Defence civilians, two US Embassy Foreign Service nationals, and over 600 contracted KEMRI or Henry Jackson Foundation - Medical Research International (HJF-MRI) - employees assigned to the unit.  Primary operational sites in Kenya include Nairobi, Kericho, and Kisumu.

Our main office is located in Nairobi on the KEMRI campus.   The unit is formed from the following four major departments:

The Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases is based in Nairobi with numerous satellite collection sites located throughout Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Cameroon executing the US Department of Defence Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System.

The Department of Military-to-Military Activities and President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) programme is based in Nairobi.  The focus of this programme encompasses HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, surveillance for influenza and other diseases that impact force protection and health readiness in the Kenyan military and research on medical issues of mutual interest.

The Kericho Field Station is primarily funded through the US Military HIV Research Program and PEPFAR, with the focus of developing drugs and vaccines for HIV prevention and treatment and supporting HIV prevention, care, and treatment services to approximately 2.5 million persons in the southern Rift Valley in partnership with the Ministry of Health.    The Kisumu Field Station is composed of five clinics and research departments to include Clinical Trials, Basic Science, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Entomology/Vector Biology Unit, and Malaria Drug Resistance Laboratory.  The focus of this programme is to develop drugs, vaccines and prevention measures for malaria and other tropical diseases.

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COL. LOGAN:   The Walter Reed Project and partners have been working with KEMRI and the Ministry of Health to combat HIV in the southern Rift Valley for more than 10 years through research and also through effective prevention and care for HIV-infected countrymen, women, and their children.

These programmes work together, but treatment is available to any citizen, regardless of participation in research trials.  Since 2004, the Walter Reed Project, in collaboration with KEMRI and the Ministry of Health, has helped more than one-half-million Kenyans in the region.  Examples of our efforts include enabling roughly 400,000 to know their HIV status, enrolling more than 50,000 in HIV clinics with about half starting life-saving antiretroviral therapy, helping over 350,000 pregnant mothers to know their HIV status, and providing over 10,000 HIV infected pregnant women anti-retrovirals aimed at preventing transmission of HIV to their babies.

In an ongoing effort to discover a globally effective HIV vaccine, we conducted the first and largest HIV vaccine study conducted outside Nairobi and are preparing for the next HIV vaccine study to open later this year in Kericho.  Similarly, we assist the Kenya Defence Forces in the effort to provide a broad range of HIV/AIDS treatment, care and prevention programmes.

We’ve conducted numerous malaria chemoprophylaxis drug trials, including studies evaluating Coartem, the current first-line malaria treatment in Kenya.  For decades we have worked towards the development of a malaria vaccine and are currently involved with a number of others as one of the locations in an exciting multi-site, multi-country GSK malaria vaccine evaluation.

We conduct emerging infectious disease surveillanceand response efforts across Kenya in collaboration with KEMRI, the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, the Ministry of Medical Services and the US CDC-Kenya to recognize, identify, respond and control disease infectious disease incidents before they become large outbreaks.

KEMRI/Walter Reed Project researchers are frequent contributors to the body of medical knowledge and have published well over two hundred scientific articles and are frequently asked to present their work at top international conferences.

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viagra without a prescription Well, I don’t think any science ever goes straight to an answer. So, for decades now, we’ve tried to create a malaria vaccine and there’ve been several instances where we’ve had a vaccine candidate that worked well in animal models, even in non-human primates, and yet when we bring it to the field, maybe not in Kenya but maybe in another country, and we test them in the human population, they don’t help. We’ve had several instances like those and those are major setbacks to the entire infectious disease community, but it also provides one more body of knowledge about vaccinology and health structures in that candidate, vaccine candidate. So I hesitate to call those setbacks because it’s all part of science. It’s all part of learning.

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viagra without a prescription We have hope. We definitely have hope for both a malaria vaccine and an HIV/AIDS vaccine. We do have hope for that. So the malaria vaccine trials that are underway, I think are promising. We won’t know, probably until October this year about the actual scientific data on the study subject. What it really means, whether it’s effective or whether it’s partially effective. But I believe that we do have the most hope now than we’ve ever had in the past for a malaria vaccine. The HIV one, the AIDS vaccine, is extremely challenging in the scientific world right now.

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viagra without a prescription Yeah, we have some preventive measures and some treatment measures. It’s so much better now than it was ten years ago when AIDS was primarily a death sentence. Now it’s more of a chronic-type treatment. Certainly there’s a substantial number of deaths that occur that‘s very disappointing, but it’s an improvement.  So the AIDS vaccine is probably further away in the future.

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viagra without a prescription Yes, on January 6, 2011, a report in the Nation described an incident at the Kenya Medical Research Institute/Walter Reed Project (KEMRI/WRP) Clinical Research Centre in Kericho in a way that many people interpreted to reflect poorly on our efforts.  The inaccurate information was a headline that stated “Police Storm US Army HIV Clinic” and referenced “…allegations of a blood- selling racket”.

In response, the Chairman of the KEMRI Board of Management, Dr. Muinga, and leadership from the office of the KEMRI Director traveled to Kericho and met with the press and citizens from the area to quickly dispel these false reports and rumours.

With participation of the Kericho Community Advisory Board composed of local leaders and community representatives, they corrected the record on our behalf and informed all interested parties that the police did enter our research center, along with a security officer, and were very helpful in discovering the truth and peacefully dispersing a small crowd that had gathered.  Dr. Muinga explained that KEMRI works closely with the Walter Reed Project on all research trials and authorizes all studies before they can be conducted and that the Walter Reed Project does not buy blood from research volunteers.

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A native of Sharon, Oklahoma, Col. Tom Logan earned his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Oklahoma State University and thereafter in 1985 received his commission in the Medical Service Corps. He was assigned to the US Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) where he conducted research on several biological agents. This was followed by an assignment to the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Laboratory in Nairobi, and a return assignment to USAMRIID. From 1993-1995 he commanded the 225th Medical Detachment (Preventive Medicine) at Ft. Stewart, Georgia and led this unit as part of the 44th Medical Brigade’s medical support mission to Operation Uphold Centre for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine in Germany. From June 1995 to July 1999, he served with the 30th Medical Brigade as the staff entomologist during that unit’s deployment to the Balkans in 1996. Then from August 1999 to July 2004 he was assigned to the US Army Centre for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. While assigned there he served as the Chief, Support Operations; Chief, Current Operations; and Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations.

Col. Logan commanded the 9th Area Medical Laboratory from 2004 to 2006. He served as the Chief of Staff at the US Army Centre for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine from 2006 to 2008 and commanded this same unit between 2008 to 2009. He also served as the Executive Officer of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research from 2009 through 2010 and in the same year he assumed command of the US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya.

His awards and decorations include the Legion of Merit (second award), Meritorious Service Medal (seventh award), Army Commendation Medal (fourth award), Army Achievement Medal and the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal (Bronze Service Star). Other awards are the Global War on Terrorism Medal, Armed Forces Service Medal, Humanitarian Service Medal, NATO Medal, Expert Field Medical Badge and Air Assault Badge.